| Biographical Outlines | |
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 Aristotle
is perhaps the most significant philosopher and scientist of the West,
but certainly the one with the most far-reaching aftereffects. Such
was his universal work of one of the most important foundations of
medieval scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas. Aristotle was born in Stageira on the Halkidiki peninsula in northern Greece in 384 BC. He came from a family of doctors, his father was physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle, too, should be a doctor and then went to Athens at age 17. There he became a member of the Platonic Academy to twenty years, students and teachers to be followed. About his relationship with Plato contradictory reports. It seems that they were in some ways quite different view that Plato, some of the more than 40 years older, not Aristotle, as his successor. Plato died in 347th That same year, Aristotle went to Assos in northwestern Asia Minor. A former classmate, Hermes, was there now and become a dictator had called him. He founded a Platonic Academy, and married the niece of Hermes, Pythias. Even two years later, however, the ruler was overthrown. Aristotle then went to Mytilene on Lesbos. Maybe he urged his pupil and friend of Theophrastus it - at least he has with him there, gathered material for his biological studies. The year 342 brought the most spectacular event in the life of the philosopher, King Philip of Macedon, the unifier of Greece by military means, summoned him to his court as tutor to the Prince Alexander - Alexander the Great later. 336 Philip was assassinated, and Alexander stepped to the rule. Aristotle seems to have disturbed much of the policy objectives and the whole demeanor of his pupil, he was certainly no friend of his striving for great power and even opponents of that oriental pageantry with which the young king surrounded himself soon. So he was not moved when Alexander left for 334 major victories. He went back to Athens. There he founded his own school the Lyceum (now the Lyceum). She was teaching and research facility. Aristotle soon possessed a library, etc. He collected all the known state constitutions, it should have been one hundred and sixty. And he put on a collection of plants and animals of the known world. Twelve years of such important research work. Aristotle then got into political difficulties. His relations with Alexander deteriorated; was worse, however, that he in Athens because of this relationship to the royal house of Macedon, which had taken the liberty of the city, became increasingly hostile action. After the sudden death of Alexander commented on the mood antimakedonische outstanding; Aristotle was accused of blasphemy. He had to fear being like Socrates condemned to death. That he meant when he said he would not give the Athenians a second chance to go against the philosophy. Aristotle fled to Chalcis in Euboea, where the estate of his mother lay. There, he soon overcame a stomach pain, and he died a few months ago (322 BC), 62 years old. Aristotle is the largest systematic (ie, system-creator) of European intellectual history. Although his work is only partly preserved, they show "a coherent, universal system of research and teaching." At the core of this theory one encounters in his metaphysics (which he calls "first philosophy" and which eventually took the name "metaphysics" = "after physics" was because they came in an edition of his works on the physical works). In it, he wants to recognize the entity at all. He noted that only the individual is real. But this individual (eg a copy of a plant) can not be used to obtain reliable knowledge. This requires unchanging. This immutable he saw in the "Forms". Unshaped is "material" and has no reality. But in every substance has a formative power resides (it is denoted by entelechy), through their determination, he is being implemented. Aristotle created the doctrine of the four grounds of being ", are these reasons: substance, form, purpose, efficient cause. In addition, he also founded the Western logic, ie the doctrine of the forms and methods of correct thinking. He seems to have dominated the entire scientific research of his time. His scientific writings deal among other things from heaven, from birth and death, of meteorology, on living organisms. The relationship between body and soul, he looks like: The body is material, the soul is the form, the soul moves and thus shapes the body. But the spirit is pure energy immaterial and immortal. In his ethics, he says, the supreme good of man is happiness. Moreover, the man is politikon zoon "," a "States-forming animal." In modern times, it was said for a while, he had as the highest philosophical authority of the Middle Ages the progress stopped. Long but we see him again one of the greatest teachers of the West. Works
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